{"id":1829,"date":"2026-03-26T07:39:16","date_gmt":"2026-03-26T07:39:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tech-posts.com\/vi\/requirements-to-object-models-ooad\/"},"modified":"2026-03-26T07:39:16","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T07:39:16","slug":"requirements-to-object-models-ooad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tech-posts.com\/vi\/requirements-to-object-models-ooad\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn OOAD: T\u1eeb Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"Chibi-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOAD), gi\u00fap l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa nhu c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00f4 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u then ch\u1ed1t. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kinh doanh.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1ea5p ng\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do l\u1ed7i l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 v\u00ec ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec3u sai. Ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 nh\u1ea3y th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu thay \u0111\u1ed5i. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt t\u1eeb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\ud83d\udccb Hi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t: Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/h2>\n

N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u00e0o n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ‘c\u00e1i g\u00ec’ tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n ‘c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c’. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:<\/strong> Nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh thu\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.\u201d\n
  • Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u phi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:<\/strong> Nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i trong v\u00f2ng 200 mili gi\u00e2y.\u201d\n
  • Quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh:<\/strong> Nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 logic \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao h\u01a1n ba d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u tra. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 danh s\u00e1ch t\u00ednh n\u0103ng. Khi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb sai l\u1ec7ch. S\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ebd nh\u00e2n l\u00ean theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

    \ud83d\udd0d Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c<\/h2>\n

    Sau khi thu th\u1eadp xong y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thay v\u00ec l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kinh doanh. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

    \ud83e\udde9 T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm Danh t\u1eeb v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb<\/h3>\n

    M\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm danh t\u1eeb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Danh t\u1eeb:<\/strong> Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, \u201cT\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n\u201d, \u201cGiao d\u1ecbch\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean m\u1ea1nh cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp.\n
    • \u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb:<\/strong> Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c. \u201cN\u1ea1p ti\u1ec1n\u201d, \u201cR\u00fat ti\u1ec1n\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cChuy\u1ec3n kho\u1ea3n\u201d g\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 danh t\u1eeb l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, trong khi nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3ng trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

      \ud83d\uddfa\ufe0f M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/h3>\n

      C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng (ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n) v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

      Khi t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc sau:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n: Ai t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng?\n
      2. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec?\n
      3. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1ed3ng: Nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau?\n
      4. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7: \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i?\n<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u1ea9n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

        \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n

        S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb ph\u00e2n t\u00edch sang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

        \ud83d\udcdd X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/h3>\n

        M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi. Khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong> D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1edbp Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code> l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m t\u00ean<\/code>, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9<\/code>, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 d\u01b0 t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n<\/code>.\n
        • Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c:<\/strong> C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/code>, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt\u0110\u1ecbaCh\u1ec9<\/code> ho\u1eb7c l\u1ea5yL\u1ecbchS\u1eed<\/code>.\n<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \u0110i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tu\u00e2n theo Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0110\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ea3 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00f3 \u0111ang l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n

          \ud83d\udd17 Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/h3>\n

          C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • Li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed9t Sinh vi\u00ean<\/code> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/code>.\n
          • K\u1ebf th\u1eeba:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t SpecialAccount<\/code> k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb Account<\/code>.\n
          • T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3-ph\u1ea7n trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. M\u1ed9t Department<\/code> c\u00f3 Employees<\/code>, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u00f2ng ban.\n
          • Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3-ph\u1ea7n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. M\u1ed9t House<\/code> c\u00f3 Rooms<\/code>; n\u1ebfu ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3.\n<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

            \ud83d\udcca So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/h2>\n

            \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, b\u1ea3ng sau \u0111\u00e2y n\u00eau r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh<\/th>\nGiai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch<\/th>\nGiai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
            Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/strong><\/td>\nMi\u1ec1n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u<\/td>\nMi\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh<\/strong><\/td>\nS\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh mi\u1ec1n<\/td>\nS\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp, S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0110\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea5p cao<\/td>\nC\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7<\/td>\nG\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            X\u00e1c th\u1ef1c<\/strong><\/td>\nN\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/td>\nN\u00f3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec kh\u00f4ng?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

            \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f Tinh ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/h2>\n

            Sau khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1edbp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 g\u00e1n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc GRASP (C\u00e1c m\u1eabu g\u00e1n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t).<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Chuy\u00ean gia th\u00f4ng tin:<\/strong> G\u00e1n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.\n
            • Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o:<\/strong> G\u00e1n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho l\u1edbp ch\u1ee9a t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p.\n
            • B\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n:<\/strong> G\u00e1n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cho m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.\n
            • Li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u1ea5p:<\/strong> Gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.\n<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u1eabu n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eabn linh ho\u1ea1t. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng lan r\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c kh\u1eafp c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

              \u26a0\ufe0f Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh<\/h2>\n

              Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t khung n\u1ec1n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sang m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • L\u00e0m qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c:<\/strong> Th\u00eam c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. H\u00e3y tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.\n
              • M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh mi\u1ec1n ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n:<\/strong> T\u1ea1o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea9y logic v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, vi ph\u1ea1m t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i.\n
              • Qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong> T\u1ea1o qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi\u1ebfn m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u. \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.\n
              • B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c:<\/strong> T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh.\n<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \ud83d\udd04 L\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 X\u00e1c nh\u1eadn<\/h2>\n

                Quy tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf hi\u1ebfm khi di\u1ec5n ra theo tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh. N\u00f3 mang t\u00ednh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. Khi b\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

                X\u00e1c nh\u1eadn bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • M\u1ed7i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng?\n
                • C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng?\n
                • H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ea3i mong \u0111\u1ee3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p bi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng?\n<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. M\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p m\u1eaft kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf s\u00f3t. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro.<\/p>\n

                  \ud83d\ude80 Ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh<\/h2>\n

                  Khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng cho \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. C\u00e1c tester s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. C\u00e1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

                  M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef cho t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

                  B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i qua con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p t\u1eeb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 tin. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u kinh doanh v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Qu\u00e1…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1830,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"T\u1eeb Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn OOAD \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sang m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong OOAD. N\u1eafm v\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a mi\u1ec1n, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[94],"tags":[87,93],"class_list":["post-1829","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-object-oriented-analysis-and-design","tag-academic","tag-object-oriented-analysis-and-design"],"yoast_head":"\nT\u1eeb Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn OOAD \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sang m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong OOAD. 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