{"id":1838,"date":"2026-03-26T01:24:48","date_gmt":"2026-03-26T01:24:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tech-posts.com\/vi\/data-flow-diagram-notation-guide\/"},"modified":"2026-03-26T01:24:48","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T01:24:48","slug":"data-flow-diagram-notation-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tech-posts.com\/vi\/data-flow-diagram-notation-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin di chuy\u1ec3n qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u then ch\u1ed1t cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi hay ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n quy tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u00f3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 b\u00ed \u1ea9n trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 logic \u0111\u1eb1ng sau s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 tin \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

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\"Cartoon<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\ud83e\udde9 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3, v\u1ed1n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, DFD ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian, v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p hay logic \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n theo ngh\u0129a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ba c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? (Ngu\u1ed3n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i)<\/li>\n
  • D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? (Quy tr\u00ecnh)<\/li>\n
  • D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u? (\u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c L\u01b0u tr\u1eef)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    H\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung DFD nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 cho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn cao t\u1ed1c v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1eebng c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i hay t\u00f2a nh\u00e0, DFD th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kinh doanh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1i g\u00ec” v\u00e0 “\u1edf \u0111\u00e2u” c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i “c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c” tri\u1ec3n khai k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

    \ud83d\uded1 B\u1ed1n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u DFD<\/h2>\n

    D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n g\u1eb7p phong c\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0o, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c DFD \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

    1. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (Ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn) \ud83d\udc64<\/h3>\n

    \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1eb1m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

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    • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
    • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/li>\n
    • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o c\u00e1o.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb API ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, th\u00ec ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

      2. Quy tr\u00ecnh (H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng) \u2699\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

      M\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i di\u1ec5n ra “c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c”. Trong DFD, c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n, t\u00f9y theo phong c\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u. M\u1ed7i quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/p>\n

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      • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> T\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
      • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> X\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp.<\/li>\n
      • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> T\u1ea1o file PDF h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u0111i k\u00e8m danh t\u1eeb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: “T\u00ednh thu\u1ebf” ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 “Thu\u1ebf”). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. M\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 l\u00fd; n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

        3. Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (B\u1ed9 nh\u1edb) \ud83d\uddc3\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

        M\u1ed9t Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho n\u01a1i th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 truy xu\u1ea5t sau n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eadt l\u00fd tr\u00ean m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n logic c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, ch\u00fang tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t t\u1ec7p ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
        • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u01b0u tr\u1eef m\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n kho.<\/li>\n
        • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t t\u1ec7p nh\u1eadt k\u00fd t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i l\u1ed7i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          C\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u; ch\u00fang ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ghi v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eeb ch\u00fang. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1n v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n) l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

          4. Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (S\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n) \ud83d\udd04<\/h3>\n

          M\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean. M\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 ra h\u01b0\u1edbng di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean m\u0169i t\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n \u201c\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 sang m\u1ed9t Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n
          • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n nh\u00e3n \u201cT\u1ed3n kho \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt\u201d di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sang m\u1ed9t Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Tr\u00e1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e3n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cTh\u00f4ng tin.\u201d Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e3y d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 \u201cChi ti\u1ebft th\u1ebb t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201c\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 giao h\u00e0ng.\u201d S\u1ef1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp xem x\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

            \ud83d\udcd0 So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c phong c\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n

            C\u00f3 hai phong c\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u DFD ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ng\u00e0nh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0ng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/th>\nK\u00fd hi\u1ec7u Yourdon & DeMarco<\/th>\nK\u00fd hi\u1ec7u Gane & Sarson<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
            Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt tr\u00f2n<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 g\u00f3c bo tr\u00f2n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/strong><\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/td>\nM\u0169i t\u00ean cong<\/td>\nM\u0169i t\u00ean th\u1eb3ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

            C\u1ea3 hai phong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. Phong c\u00e1ch Gane & Sarson th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng doanh nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, phong c\u00e1ch Yourdon & DeMarco v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u0169. Logic v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

            \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f C\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD<\/h2>\n

            M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 duy nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. \u0110\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan xem b\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

            1. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (M\u1ee9c 0) \ud83c\udf0d<\/h3>\n

            S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t \u1edf trung t\u00e2m, bao quanh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 hay c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
            • Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
            • Tr\u1ef1c quan:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n (h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0m g\u00ec cho ch\u00fang ta?\u201d \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

              2. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c 1 (Ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng) \ud83d\udd0d<\/h3>\n

              S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c 1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con ch\u00ednh. N\u00f3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n
              • Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/li>\n
              • Tr\u1ef1c quan:<\/strong> Nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                \u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kinh doanh quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh quan tr\u1ecdng thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y, th\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung.<\/p>\n

                3. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c 2 (Logic chi ti\u1ebft) \ud83d\udd2c<\/h3>\n

                S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c 2 l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c 1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u00e2u h\u01a1n. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh tinh vi. Ch\u00fang hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean, tr\u1eeb khi \u0111ang c\u1ea7n g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh logic chi ti\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
                • Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong> T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o cho \u0111\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed chi ti\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
                • Tr\u1ef1c quan:<\/strong>C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chi ti\u1ebft cao.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  C\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 M\u1ee9c 1. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 M\u1ee9c 2 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh doanh cho vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/p>\n

                  \ud83d\udea6 C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/h2>\n

                  Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1eebng ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng; h\u00e3y theo d\u00f5i h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

                  B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi<\/h3>\n

                  H\u00e3y nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec n\u1eb1m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ec1u do h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1eb1m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ranh gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng n\u00ean n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi.<\/p>\n

                  B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: Theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o<\/h3>\n

                  T\u00ecm m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Theo d\u00f5i m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111i v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. T\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n: \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y?\u201d N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

                  B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: Theo d\u00f5i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i<\/h3>\n

                  Di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sang qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp theo. H\u1ecfi: \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?\u201d N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ea3y t\u1eeb Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh A sang Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh B, \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a A tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a B. N\u1ebfu ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

                  B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: Ki\u1ec3m tra l\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/h3>\n

                  X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. H\u1ecfi: \u201cT\u1ea1i sao d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u?\u201d Li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng? Li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 truy xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o kho nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eeb n\u00f3, th\u00ec kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed.<\/p>\n

                  B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: X\u00e1c minh \u0111\u1ea7u ra<\/h3>\n

                  Theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf ng\u00f5 c\u1ee5t, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh.<\/p>\n

                  \u26a0\ufe0f Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD<\/h2>\n

                  Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean li\u00ean quan, vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh xem x\u00e9t. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y s\u1edbm s\u1ebd ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                  1. V\u00f9ng \u0111en<\/h3>\n

                  V\u00f9ng \u0111en x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i v\u00e0o, bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra. Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng g\u1eedi bi\u1ec3u m\u1eabu, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, ho\u1eb7c g\u1eedi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

                  2. K\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

                  M\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng \u0111en. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1o b\u00e1o c\u00e1o h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cung c\u1ea5p cho b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 sinh ra t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

                  3. Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kho<\/h3>\n

                  D\u1eef li\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cL\u01b0u b\u1ea3n ghi\u201d) x\u1eed l\u00fd giao d\u1ecbch. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 logic \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/p>\n

                  4. Lu\u1ed3ng m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng<\/h3>\n

                  Khi b\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1eeb M\u1ee9c 0 sang M\u1ee9c 1, \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edbp nhau. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u201c\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d \u0111i v\u00e0o, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 M\u1ee9c 1 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u201c\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d \u0111i v\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u00e0 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

                  5. Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n<\/h3>\n

                  D\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ch\u1ea3y theo v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd. N\u1ebfu Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh A g\u1eedi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh B, v\u00e0 Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh B g\u1eedi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh A m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u00e0o \u1edf gi\u1eefa, s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y l\u1ed7i logic trong lu\u1ed3ng x\u1eed l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

                  \ud83e\udd1d L\u1ee3i \u00edch d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/h2>\n

                  T\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea1n n\u00ean quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y? L\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. N\u00f3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

                  Thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n<\/h3>\n

                  Khi b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng trong y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t b\u00ean li\u00ean quan n\u00f3i: \u201cCh\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng,\u201d nh\u01b0ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c n\u00e0o, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng. B\u1ea1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng thay v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

                  Giao ti\u1ebfp r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n<\/h3>\n

                  C\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m. C\u00e2u \u2018L\u01b0u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u\u2019 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018l\u01b0u v\u00e0o t\u1ec7p\u2019 ho\u1eb7c \u2018l\u01b0u v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u\u2019. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) gi\u00fap l\u00e0m r\u00f5 \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c quan. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kinh doanh v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

                  Gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro<\/h3>\n

                  Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 s\u1eeda. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n sau khi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh s\u1ebd t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch xem x\u00e9t DFD tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i logic. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

                  Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ph\u1ea1m vi<\/h3>\n

                  DFD r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ranh gi\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u2018m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi\u2019. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t b\u00ean li\u00ean quan y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, DFD cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng tr\u1ef1c quan \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                  \ud83d\udd27 C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec DFD<\/h2>\n

                  M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Theo th\u1eddi gian, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. Duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong>Xem DFD nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. L\u01b0u phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n theo d\u00f5i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/li>\n
                  • V\u00f2ng ki\u1ec3m tra:<\/strong>L\u00ean l\u1ecbch ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. \u0110\u1eebng ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m tra. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1ed7i qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u kinh doanh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
                  • Ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn t\u1eeb b\u00ean li\u00ean quan:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan then ch\u1ed1t ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng kinh doanh.<\/li>\n
                  • R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7:<\/strong>\u0110\u1eebng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb t\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. H\u00e3y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o lu\u1ed3ng logic. Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1edd m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n
                  • T\u00ean g\u1ecdi nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u2018Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u2019 \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i v\u00e0 \u2018Kh\u00e1ch\u2019 \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, s\u1ebd g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m. H\u00e3y duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \ud83d\udcdd K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n

                    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt; ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u00fap n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kinh doanh v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u b\u1ed1n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

                    B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y. B\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng tin. Ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y trao quy\u1ec1n cho b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nhu c\u1ea7u kinh doanh. Khi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u minh h\u1ecda r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, tr\u1ef1c quan tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. N\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u DFD l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c giao h\u00e0ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

                    H\u00e3y nh\u1edb, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o trong b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. V\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u DFD, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                    Hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin di chuy\u1ec3n qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u then ch\u1ed1t cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi hay…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1839,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u DFD d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \ud83d\udcca","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. 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