{"id":1852,"date":"2026-03-25T17:36:29","date_gmt":"2026-03-25T17:36:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tech-posts.com\/vi\/avoiding-common-mistakes-in-oo-modeling\/"},"modified":"2026-03-25T17:36:29","modified_gmt":"2026-03-25T17:36:29","slug":"avoiding-common-mistakes-in-oo-modeling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tech-posts.com\/vi\/avoiding-common-mistakes-in-oo-modeling\/","title":{"rendered":"Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"Cartoon-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OO) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 m\u1eafc b\u1eaby khi\u1ebfn t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m sai n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf gi\u00fap n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 hay khung c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

\ud83d\udeab B\u1eaby c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c (L\u1edbp Ch\u00faa)<\/h2>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ‘L\u1edbp Ch\u00faa’. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp g\u00e1nh qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. Ch\u00fang qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c module kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan, x\u1eed l\u00fd logic kinh doanh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

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    Tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t t\u1ec7p l\u1edbp ch\u1ee9a h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n d\u00f2ng m\u00e3.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng:<\/strong> M\u1ecdi module trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u1edbp duy nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    Tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng:<\/strong> Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbp n\u00e0y, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nguy c\u01a1 cao v\u1ec1 l\u1ed7i h\u1ed3i quy.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Khi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c, n\u00f3 vi ph\u1ea1m Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0110\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng s\u1ebd lan truy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1eafp to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch l\u1edbp th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft cao. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb n\u00ean x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m mi\u1ec1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

    \ud83e\uddec Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m<\/h2>\n

    K\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c c\u1ea5p k\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u00e2u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1ec5 t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong l\u1edbp cha s\u1ebd l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp con kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

    Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i k\u1ebf th\u1eeba ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/h3>\n
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      L\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb m\u00e3 thay v\u00ec thay th\u1ebf ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    • \n

      C\u00e1c c\u1ea5p k\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u00e2u:<\/strong>C\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u00f3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    • \n

      C\u00e1c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u00f2 r\u1ec9:<\/strong>C\u00e1c l\u1edbp con ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Thay v\u00ec \u00e9p m\u1ecdi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh k\u1ebf th\u1eeba, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbpc\u00f3-m\u1ed9t<\/em>m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 thay v\u00ecl\u00e0-m\u1ed9t<\/em>, th\u00ec k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u0103ng t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n

      \ud83d\udd12 C\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i<\/h2>\n

      Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng thay v\u00ec truy c\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb hay bi\u1ebfn. Vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 b\u1ecb ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

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        Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f4ng khai:<\/strong>Khai b\u00e1o c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1edbp n\u00e0o thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        L\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng Setter:<\/strong>Cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c setter cho m\u1ecdi thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        Truy c\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp:<\/strong>Truy c\u1eadp c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn ri\u00eang t\u01b0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 *t\u1ea1i sao* m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a logic x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u00e0o bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 lan truy\u1ec1n qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

        \ud83d\udd17 S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/h2>\n

        Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa Li\u00ean k\u1ebft, T\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n
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        Lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/p>\n<\/th>\n

        		\n

        Quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/p>\n<\/th>\n

        		\n

        Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi<\/p>\n<\/th>\n

        		\n

        V\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n

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        Li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        M\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean d\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

        \n

        T\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        Y\u1ebfu<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        M\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng ban c\u00f3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 (c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u00f2ng ban).<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

        \n

        K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        M\u1ea1nh<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

        		\n

        M\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng (c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ebft c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0).<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 sai trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ea1y. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng truy c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sau khi cha c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n

        \u2696\ufe0f Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/h2>\n

        C\u00e1c m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ea5p cao. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu logic chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c qua nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp, vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/p>\n

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          Logic h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

        • \n

          Thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp:<\/strong>C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

        • \n

          Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u:<\/strong>D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn t\u0129nh \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          T\u1eadp trung logic tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u00ean trong ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy v\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 th\u1eddi gian g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

          \ud83d\udcd0 Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 Tri\u1ec3n khai<\/h2>\n

          M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi tri\u1ec3n khai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ecf qua b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian, ho\u1eb7c khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a thi\u1ebfu b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \n

            Qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf:<\/strong>T\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p cho nh\u1eefng logic \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            Thi\u1ebfu m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a:<\/strong>B\u1ecf qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 quan tr\u1ecdng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

          • \n

            T\u0129nh vs \u0110\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>Ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh (l\u1edbp) m\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed9ng (tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee7 chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eabn h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 gi\u1eefa ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd gi\u00fap l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

            \u2705 Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh cho c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i xem x\u00e9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/h2>\n

            Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, h\u00e3y \u0111i qua danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • \n

              \u2753 M\u1ed7i l\u1edbp c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            • \n

              \u2753 C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ch\u01b0a?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            • \n

              \u2753 K\u1ebf th\u1eeba ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho vi\u1ec7c thay th\u1ebf ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            • \n

              \u2753 C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang t\u01b0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 ch\u1ee9?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            • \n

              \u2753 C\u00e1c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

            • \n

              \u2753 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi trong nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00edch t\u1ee5 \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eabn v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

              \ud83d\udd04 L\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ec9nh<\/h2>\n

              M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo. Vi\u1ec7c tinh ch\u1ec9nh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, h\u00e3y thay th\u1ebf n\u00f3. \u0110\u1eebng \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u0169 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

              M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a OO hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt. N\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, d\u1ec5 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

              T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i: t\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft, t\u00ednh li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i. Gi\u1eef cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u1eed th\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OO) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi t\u01b0\u01a1ng…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1853,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a OO \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00e2ng cao thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1edbp, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[94],"tags":[87,93],"class_list":["post-1852","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-object-oriented-analysis-and-design","tag-academic","tag-object-oriented-analysis-and-design"],"yoast_head":"\nTr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a OO \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. 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