{"id":1886,"date":"2026-03-24T16:26:43","date_gmt":"2026-03-24T16:26:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tech-posts.com\/vi\/cross-functional-alignment-shared-data-flow-diagrams\/"},"modified":"2026-03-24T16:26:43","modified_gmt":"2026-03-24T16:26:43","slug":"cross-functional-alignment-shared-data-flow-diagrams","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tech-posts.com\/vi\/cross-functional-alignment-shared-data-flow-diagrams\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn DFD: \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 \u0111a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u chung"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u00e2m th\u1ea7m. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh an ninh th\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n giao b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u chung (DFD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t gi\u00fap l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m tham chi\u1ebfu chung, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi b\u00ean li\u00ean quan hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ra sao.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD chung nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn. N\u00f3 \u0111i xa h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a DFD, c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eeb t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

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\"Marker-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 logic ho\u1eb7c lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, DFD t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd, n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a DFD n\u1eb1m \u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1ee9c tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. Khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a DFD \ud83e\udde9<\/h3>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n cho DFD bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n:<\/p>\n

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  • \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (Ngu\u1ed3n\/\u0110\u00edch):<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, g\u1eedi ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt.<\/li>\n
  • Quy tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra. C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n.<\/li>\n
  • Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sau n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi. C\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n
  • Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u00e3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a trong to\u00e0n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 do m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u1ea5p cao t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u ngay \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch sprint.<\/p>\n

    T\u1ea1i sao s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i khi thi\u1ebfu b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh chung \ud83d\udea7<\/h2>\n

    Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u1eadp trung, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi. V\u0103n b\u1ea3n mang t\u00ednh tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 quy t\u1eafc x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9i backend v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i frontend. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ‘T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 b\u1ea1n \u00fd l\u00e0 v\u1eady’, g\u00e2y ra c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

    Chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng alignment \ud83d\udcb8<\/h3>\n

    Khi lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1t sinh:<\/p>\n

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    • Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i t\u00edch h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng API c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u mong \u0111\u1ee3i.<\/li>\n
    • Kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt:<\/strong>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n qua c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng m\u00e3 h\u00f3a n\u1ebfu lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
    • \u0110i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t:<\/strong>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u1eb7ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
    • G\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u1edbi:<\/strong>Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean m\u1edbi d\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thay v\u00ec nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD chung gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: ‘D\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u ti\u1ebfp theo?’ tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/p>\n

      Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

      \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p khi v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ea7n xem lu\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5p cao, trong khi m\u1ed9t K\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u1ea7n xem c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

      C\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h3>\n
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      1. C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 0 (S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh):<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
      2. C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1 (Ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t):<\/strong> Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
      3. C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 2 (Ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 chi ti\u1ebft):<\/strong> C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee9a logic chi ti\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        B\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y n\u00eau r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho t\u1eebng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3<\/strong><\/th>\n\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh<\/strong><\/th>\nV\u00f9ng t\u1eadp trung<\/strong><\/th>\nT\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
        B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 0)<\/td>\nC\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan, S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd<\/td>\nRanh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o\/\u0111\u1ea7u ra<\/td>\nH\u00e0ng qu\u00fd ho\u1eb7c khi ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        C\u1ea5p cao (C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1)<\/td>\nL\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0<\/td>\nC\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh<\/td>\nTheo t\u1eebng Sprint ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed1c th\u1eddi gian<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Chi ti\u1ebft (C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 2)<\/td>\nL\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean, Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, An ninh<\/td>\nC\u00e1c ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/td>\nTheo t\u1eebng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        C\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a \ud83d\udc65<\/h2>\n

        Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed7i vai tr\u00f2 mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh doanh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nhu c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh.<\/li>\n
        • Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ea5p cao. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u phi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady.<\/li>\n
        • K\u1ef9 s\u01b0 backend:<\/strong>X\u00e1c minh logic x\u1eed l\u00fd. H\u1ecd x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt trong h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
        • K\u1ef9 s\u01b0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (QA):<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p bi\u00ean. H\u1ecd xem x\u00e9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed.<\/li>\n
        • Chuy\u00ean gia an ninh:<\/strong>Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u00f4ng tin nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          C\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i xem x\u00e9t h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \ud83e\udd1d<\/h3>\n

          Thay v\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n giao m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i n\u00ean t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u01a1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd ho\u1eb7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cv\u1ebd tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng tr\u1eafng\u201d, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia an ninh nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c thay v\u00ec ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

          Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n tin duy nh\u1ea5t \ud83c\udfdb\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

          M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb khi n\u00f3 d\u1ec5 truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u1ed5 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ec7p PDF t\u0129nh, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c khi c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong m\u1ed9t kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u1eadp trung, d\u1ec5 truy c\u1eadp b\u1edfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

          Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n cho s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \ud83d\udcdd<\/h3>\n

          Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u0169ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n thay v\u00ec ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00ean theo d\u00f5i:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • Ai \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i?<\/li>\n
          • Thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n khi n\u00e0o?<\/li>\n
          • Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i?<\/li>\n
          • L\u00fd do cho thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            D\u00f2ng nh\u1eadt k\u00fd ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra xem lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

            Quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \ud83c\udff7\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

            S\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 trong \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cC\u1eadp nh\u1eadt D\u1eef li\u1ec7u\u201d l\u00e0 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3. M\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cC\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng\u201d l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh, kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft chung.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • T\u00ean quy tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb + Danh t\u1eeb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cX\u00e1c minh Chi ti\u1ebft Thanh to\u00e1n\u201d).<\/li>\n
            • Kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Danh t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cT\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng\u201d).<\/li>\n
            • Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>C\u1ee5m danh t\u1eeb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cEmail X\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

              M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng linh ho\u1ea1t, c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t r\u1ee7i ro thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

              C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd thay \u0111\u1ed5i \ud83d\udccb<\/h3>\n

              C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00ean t\u00edch h\u1ee3p vi\u1ec7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0o quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi th\u00f4ng qua:<\/p>\n

                \n
              • Ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 DFD li\u00ean quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt.<\/li>\n
              • Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong> C\u00e1c t\u1eadp l\u1ec7nh ki\u1ec3m tra xem s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec3n khai hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n
              • Ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3:<\/strong> C\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111i qua s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                X\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169 \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

                Khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ‘hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i’ ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ‘t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai’. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c quy tr\u00ecnh lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n di d\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ban \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

                Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i b\u1eaby l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

                Sai l\u1ea7m 1: Qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \ud83e\udde8<\/h3>\n

                Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1eebng bi\u1ebfn hay \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 0 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n lu\u1ed3ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i logic. Logic chi ti\u1ebft n\u00ean n\u1eb1m trong m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Gi\u1eef cho bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u1eadt s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

                Sai l\u1ea7m 2: B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u phi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

                C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Metadata, nh\u1eadt k\u00fd, token x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u mang th\u00f4ng tin nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

                Sai l\u1ea7m 3: T\u1ea1o ra ‘s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ean k\u1ec7’ \ud83d\udcda<\/h3>\n

                N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ai xem s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 trong bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp hay trong \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n, th\u00ec s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ‘s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ean k\u1ec7’. \u0110\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham chi\u1ebfu r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi vi\u1ebft t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 API, h\u00e3y li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                \u0110o l\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \ud83d\udcc8<\/h2>\n

                L\u00e0m sao b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD chia s\u1ebb th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111ang c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9? B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m quen:<\/strong> \u0110o th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 m\u1edbi tr\u1edf n\u00ean hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n
                • M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ed7i:<\/strong> Theo d\u00f5i s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ed7i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p. \u00cdt l\u1ed7i h\u01a1n cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
                • Th\u1eddi gian chu k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1:<\/strong> Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i bao l\u00e2u. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u00edt th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0m r\u00f5.<\/li>\n
                • \u0110\u1ed9 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> T\u00ednh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt trong sprint g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: V\u0103n h\u00f3a quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \ud83e\uddf1<\/h2>\n

                  M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u mang t\u00ednh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u00f3a. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

                  Khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft chung h\u01a1n l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

                  B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc, phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u0129nh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

                  B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. V\u1ebd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i. Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f9ng nhau l\u00e0m cho lu\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  Trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u00e2m th\u1ea7m.…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1887,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u00f4ng qua s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udd04","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u chung gi\u00fap l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m. N\u00e2ng cao h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, gi\u1ea3m l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[90],"tags":[87,89],"class_list":["post-1886","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dfd","tag-academic","tag-dfd"],"yoast_head":"\nS\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u00f4ng qua s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udd04<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u chung gi\u00fap l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m. 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