{"id":1906,"date":"2026-03-23T21:41:22","date_gmt":"2026-03-23T21:41:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tech-posts.com\/vi\/interfaces-vs-abstract-classes-clarified\/"},"modified":"2026-03-23T21:41:22","modified_gmt":"2026-03-23T21:41:22","slug":"interfaces-vs-abstract-classes-clarified","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tech-posts.com\/vi\/interfaces-vs-abstract-classes-clarified\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn OOAD: Giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 L\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m r\u00f5"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"Chibi-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai b\u00ean trong. Hai c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa hai c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n mong manh, kh\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t trong hai.<\/p>\n

\ud83e\udde0 N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a<\/h2>\n

Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh che gi\u1ea5u c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea5p cao thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p. S\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. Khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111ang t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t cam k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n

Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng then ch\u1ed1t:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p:<\/strong> N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c module m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u logic b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c module ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c.<\/li>\n
  • T\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t:<\/strong> N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n
  • T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong> N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p h\u00e0nh vi chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    C\u1ea3 giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

    \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 L\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n

    M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p lo\u1ea1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. H\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1n s\u1eb5n, trong khi nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

    Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chung:<\/strong>C\u00e1c l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn (tr\u01b0\u1eddng) \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp con k\u1ebf th\u1eeba tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y, cho ph\u00e9p chia s\u1ebb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p.<\/li>\n
    • Tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n:<\/strong> Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi \u0111\u00e8. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u vi\u1ec7c tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi chung.<\/li>\n
    • K\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u0111\u01a1n:<\/strong> Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y k\u1ebf th\u1eeba nh\u01b0ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 cha-con nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t.<\/li>\n
    • Logic h\u00e0m t\u1ea1o:<\/strong> C\u00e1c l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0m t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u1edbp con kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1eabu n\u00e0y? H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng: h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n, h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng v\u00e0 tam gi\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh chung nh\u01b0 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 logic t\u00ednh di\u1ec7n t\u00edch. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ngH\u00ecnh<\/code> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh di\u1ec7n t\u00edch, trong khi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con ghi \u0111\u00e8 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

      \ud83d\udccb Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 Giao di\u1ec7n<\/h2>\n

      M\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tri\u1ec3n khai ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7. N\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh vi thay v\u00ec tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan. H\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

      Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0nh vi:<\/strong> Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec.<\/li>\n
      • Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u giao di\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u00e2u.<\/li>\n
      • Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i:<\/strong>C\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i (bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1eabn thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u1ea9n.<\/li>\n
      • K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1eed l\u00fd thanh to\u00e1n. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u1ebb t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd PayPal v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd ti\u1ec1n m\u00e3 h\u00f3a. Nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhau, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u chia s\u1ebb kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3x\u1eed l\u00fdThanhTo\u00e1n<\/code>. M\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7nC\u1ed5ngThanhTo\u00e1n<\/code> \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00e0y tu\u00e2n theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n x\u1eed l\u00fd ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

        \ud83d\udcca Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt<\/h2>\n

        B\u1ea3ng sau t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi gi\u1eefa hai c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>\nL\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/th>\nGiao di\u1ec7n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
        K\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/strong><\/td>\nK\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u0111\u01a1n (extends)<\/td>\nK\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u0111a (implements)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/td>\nTh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/strong><\/td>\nM\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0-m\u1ed9t<\/td>\nM\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3-th\u1ec3-l\u00e0m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/td>\nG\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c nhanh h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat<\/td>\nChi ph\u00ed hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i truy c\u1eadp<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng public, private, protected<\/td>\nNg\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        \ud83e\udded H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn tri\u1ec3n khai chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/h2>\n

        Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00e9m trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau n\u00e0y. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

        1. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chung<\/h3>\n

        N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c logic chung c\u1ea7n kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o, th\u00ec l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ghi log m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi b\u1ed9 ghi log \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ra, th\u00ec l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd lu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

        2. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ki\u1ec3u<\/h3>\n

        H\u00e3y t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n: \u201cLi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u kia kh\u00f4ng?\u201d N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00f3, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u201cLi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u kia kh\u00f4ng?\u201d, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao di\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe h\u01a1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t<\/em>ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe h\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3<\/em>bay (th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec7n \u00edch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng). M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean g\u1ee3i \u00fd k\u1ebf th\u1eeba; m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 hai g\u1ee3i \u00fd giao di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

        3. Xem x\u00e9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/h3>\n

        Giao di\u1ec7n n\u00f3i chung an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n cho vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. V\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai nhi\u1ec1u giao di\u1ec7n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi sau n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00e3y c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i k\u1ebf th\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. L\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 g\u00e3y n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp cha m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

        4. Suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed<\/h3>\n

        Giao di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp trong ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp tri\u1ec3n khai giao di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ed9 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

        \u26a0\ufe0f Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n

        Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng:<\/strong>Khi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. Giao di\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n
        • Qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong>T\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp con duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00ean gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3.<\/li>\n
        • R\u00f2 r\u1ec9 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n. Giao di\u1ec7n n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
        • C\u00e1c ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p s\u00e2u:<\/strong>D\u1ef1a qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y k\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u00e2u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i qua nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \ud83d\udd04 T\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/h2>\n

          C\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c khung Dependency Injection, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p container thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

          H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1edd ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n nay cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u0129nh trong giao di\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c tri\u1ec3n khai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt. Khi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o giao di\u1ec7n, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00edt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc ch\u00ednh trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

            \n
          • Microservices:<\/strong>C\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng API gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qua c\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/li>\n
          • H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng plugin:<\/strong>C\u00e1c l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c plugin m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, trong khi c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00f3c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi.<\/li>\n
          • L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:<\/strong>Trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh lai, c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00e0m, trong khi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh c\u00f3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n

            Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p; m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecf ra xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u201cl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u201d r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n chia s\u1ebb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. C\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n t\u1ecf ra xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc khi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i qua c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 t\u00ednh li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo l\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

            B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, d\u1ec5 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ch\u00fang mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cao nh\u1ea5t. S\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1907,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Giao di\u1ec7n so v\u1edbi L\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn OOAD \ud83d\udd0d","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa giao di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u1edbp tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. 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