{"id":1940,"date":"2026-03-22T07:10:54","date_gmt":"2026-03-22T07:10:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tech-posts.com\/vi\/inheritance-fundamentals-learners-guide\/"},"modified":"2026-03-22T07:10:54","modified_gmt":"2026-03-22T07:10:54","slug":"inheritance-fundamentals-learners-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tech-posts.com\/vi\/inheritance-fundamentals-learners-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn OOAD: Nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u1eeba k\u1ebf m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"Whimsical<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOAD) ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1eeba k\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u1edbp hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc trong \u0111\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t danh m\u1ee5c chung xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c danh m\u1ee5c con c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

Trong h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a th\u1eeba k\u1ebf, c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi n\u00f3. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eeba k\u1ebf l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \ud83e\udd14<\/h2>\n

Th\u1eeba k\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. L\u1edbp m\u1edbi, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1edbp con ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t, th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1edbp cha ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p l\u1edbp m\u1edbi t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

H\u00e3y ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n chung, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd cho xe h\u01a1i, xe t\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c xe m\u00e1y. Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh chung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n (nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 b\u00e1nh xe ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1) nh\u01b0ng th\u00eam c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1eeda ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u).<\/p>\n

Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh \ud83d\udcdd<\/h3>\n
    \n
  • L\u1edbp:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n
  • \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb.<\/li>\n
  • L\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf (L\u1edbp cha):<\/strong>L\u1edbp hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba k\u1ebf.<\/li>\n
  • L\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t (L\u1edbp con):<\/strong>L\u1edbp m\u1edbi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf t\u1eeb l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf.<\/li>\n
  • Ghi \u0111\u00e8 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c:<\/strong>Khi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp con cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong l\u1edbp cha c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/li>\n
  • Ghi \u0111\u00e8 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f9ng t\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tham s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1eeba k\u1ebf \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

    M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec3n khai kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong OOAD. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eabu c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n

    1. Th\u1eeba k\u1ebf \u0111\u01a1n<\/h3>\n

    \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp th\u1eeba k\u1ebf t\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp cha. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong>\u00d4ng \u2192 B\u1ed1 \u2192 Con.<\/li>\n
    • Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng khi m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 chung.<\/li>\n
    • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t Xe h\u01a1i<\/code> l\u1edbp k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/code> l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      2. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u0111a c\u1ea5p<\/h3>\n

      \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u00e2u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong> L\u1edbp A \u2192 L\u1edbp B \u2192 L\u1edbp C.<\/li>\n
      • Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n
      • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/code> \u2192 Xe m\u00e1y<\/code> \u2192 Xe m\u00f4 t\u00f4 th\u1ec3 thao<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        3. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p<\/h3>\n

        Nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp con k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong> Nhi\u1ec1u con, m\u1ed9t cha.<\/li>\n
        • Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>Khi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung.<\/li>\n
        • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt<\/code> \u2192 Ch\u00f3<\/code>, M\u00e8o<\/code>, Chim<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          4. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp<\/h3>\n

          M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef do c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 (nh\u01b0 V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng).<\/p>\n

            \n
          • C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t con, nhi\u1ec1u cha m\u1eb9.<\/li>\n
          • Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>Khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/li>\n
          • V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t RobotDog<\/code> l\u1edbp k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb Robot<\/code> v\u00e0 Ch\u00f3<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            T\u1ea1i sao c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba? \ud83d\ude80<\/h2>\n

            \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch kh\u00e1c g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

            1. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n<\/h3>\n

            Logic chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n trong l\u1edbp cha v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e3 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, b\u1ea1n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i duy nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n

            2. \u0110a h\u00ecnh<\/h3>\n

            K\u1ebf th\u1eeba cho ph\u00e9p \u0111a h\u00ecnh, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp cha chung. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u c\u01a1 s\u1edf, trong khi h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n

            3. Bao \u0111\u00f3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

            B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c li\u00ean quan v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p, b\u1ea1n duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ri\u00eang t\u01b0 trong l\u1edbp cha v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, trong khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng khai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

            4. D\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec<\/h3>\n

            Khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u1ebf th\u1eeba r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nhanh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i ho\u1eb7c th\u00eam t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

            Nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

            M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

            1. Li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd<\/h3>\n

            C\u00e1c l\u1edbp con b\u1ecb li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi l\u1edbp cha c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. N\u1ebfu l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c tinh ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/p>\n

            2. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/h3>\n

            N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong l\u1edbp cha g\u00e2y ra h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng mong \u0111\u1ee3i \u1edf l\u1edbp con, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c truy v\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. L\u1edbp con ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec3n khai n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb r\u00f5 trong giao di\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng khai.<\/p>\n

            3. L\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 “l\u00e0-m\u1ed9t”<\/h3>\n

            K\u1ebf th\u1eeba ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 “l\u00e0-m\u1ed9t”. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic v\u1edbi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u1ebd vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t l\u1edbpH\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng<\/code> k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1edbpH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt<\/code> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp gi\u1eefa chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u cao.<\/p>\n

            4. C\u00e2y k\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u00e2u<\/h3>\n

            \u0110\u1ed9 s\u00e2u qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u1ebf th\u1eeba khi\u1ebfn m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba h\u00e0nh vi t\u1eeb l\u1edbp cha, m\u00e0 l\u1edbp cha l\u1ea1i k\u1ebf th\u1eeba h\u00e0nh vi t\u1eeb l\u1edbp \u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u lu\u1ed3ng logic tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00ea cung.<\/p>\n

            K\u1ebf th\u1eeba trong Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \ud83d\udcd0<\/h2>\n

            Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, ch\u00fang ta t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a mi\u1ec1n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m chung v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

            M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/h3>\n

            Khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Thay v\u00ec t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t cho t\u1eebng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, b\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chung v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec3m chung:<\/strong> T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb.<\/li>\n
            • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o.<\/li>\n
            • Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a:<\/strong> T\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp cha cho \u0111i\u1ec3m chung.<\/li>\n
            • Chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a:<\/strong> T\u1ea1o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              C\u00e1c m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/h3>\n

              M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n trong l\u1edbp cha, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con ghi \u0111\u00e8 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
              • Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/strong> X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i t\u1eebng thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf l\u1eabn nhau. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/li>\n
              • Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y:<\/strong> T\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1edbp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp con quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1edbp n\u00e0o s\u1ebd kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                K\u1ebf th\u1eeba so v\u1edbi K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \ud83e\udde9<\/h2>\n

                M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba hay k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00ec n\u00f3 linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>\nK\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/th>\nK\u1ebft h\u1ee3p<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/strong><\/td>\nL\u00e0-M\u1ed9t (Chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a)<\/td>\nC\u00f3-M\u1ed9t (B\u1ed9-Ph\u1eadn)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/strong><\/td>\nCh\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd<\/td>\nL\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                T\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t<\/strong><\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p (C\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch)<\/td>\nCao (C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ea1y)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Bao \u0111\u00f3ng<\/strong><\/td>\nKi\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u1edbp cha \u00edt h\u01a1n<\/td>\nKi\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/td>\nTh\u1ee9 b\u1eadc logic<\/td>\nT\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, h\u00e3y t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n: L\u1edbp con th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t Xe h\u01a1i<\/code> kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1<\/code>, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 n\u00ean ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1<\/code> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

                C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai \u2705<\/h2>\n

                \u0110\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, h\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n

                1. \u01afa ti\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba<\/h3>\n

                B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n thay v\u00ec m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp hay kh\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u0103ng t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n

                2. Gi\u1eef c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng<\/h3>\n

                M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a 3 ho\u1eb7c 4 c\u1ea5p. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u0111i s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, h\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 chu\u1ed7i ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao di\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

                3. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u00e0nh vi<\/h3>\n

                C\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n khai. Ch\u00fang cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp k\u1ebf th\u1eeba h\u00e0nh vi t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u0111a c\u1ea5p. H\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m, thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

                4. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/h3>\n

                Li\u1ec7t k\u00ea r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi trong nh\u00f3m hi\u1ec3u c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

                5. Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p d\u1ec5 g\u00e3y \u0111\u1ed5<\/h3>\n

                \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u1edf l\u1edbp cha cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. N\u1ebfu l\u1edbp c\u01a1 s\u1edf thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 \u0111ang l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

                6. T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Thay th\u1ebf Liskov<\/h3>\n

                C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp con m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp con kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf l\u1edbp cha m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y l\u1ed7i, th\u00ec m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u00e0 sai l\u1ec7ch.<\/p>\n

                Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh \ud83d\uded1<\/h2>\n
                  \n
                • Qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a:<\/strong>T\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp cha qu\u00e1 chung chung s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u00ec. Ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m chung th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n
                • B\u1ecf qua t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>C\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn truy c\u1eadp. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng khai s\u1ebd ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o.<\/li>\n
                • G\u1ecdi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb ghi \u0111\u00e8 trong h\u00e0m t\u1ea1o:<\/strong>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi nguy hi\u1ec3m. Khi h\u00e0m t\u1ea1o l\u1edbp cha ch\u1ea1y, h\u00e0m t\u1ea1o l\u1edbp con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 con tr\u1ecf null ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i sai l\u1ec7ch.<\/li>\n
                • L\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh final:<\/strong> M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh final s\u1ebd ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba. H\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 khi l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n
                • B\u1ecf qua giao di\u1ec7n:<\/strong> T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o giao di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp con n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 th\u00f4ng qua giao di\u1ec7n l\u1edbp cha m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp con.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  C\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \ud83c\udf0d<\/h2>\n

                  Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i n\u00e0o th\u00ec k\u1ebf th\u1eeba ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

                  H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/h3>\n

                  Trong nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbpBaseUser<\/code> ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh chung nh\u01b0username<\/code> v\u00e0email<\/code>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra Ng\u01b0\u1eddiD\u00f9ngQu\u1ea3nTr\u1ecb<\/code>, Ng\u01b0\u1eddiD\u00f9ngKh\u00e1chH\u00e0ng<\/code>, v\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddiD\u00f9ngKh\u00e1ch<\/code>. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

                  C\u00e1c khung tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda v\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/h3>\n

                  C\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac k\u1ebf th\u1eeba s\u00e2u. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp chung Th\u00e0nhPh\u1ea7n<\/code> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 si\u00eau l\u1edbp cho N\u00fatB\u1ea5m<\/code>, Nh\u00e3n<\/code>, v\u00e0 C\u1eedaS\u1ed5<\/code>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u1ebd, x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p khung tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

                  T\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n

                  Trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c nhau chia s\u1ebb logic t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp T\u00e0iKho\u1ea3nNg\u00e2nH\u00e0ng<\/code> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef s\u1ed1 d\u01b0 v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed giao d\u1ecbch. T\u00e0iKho\u1ea3nTi\u1ebftKi\u1ec7m<\/code> v\u00e0 T\u00e0iKho\u1ea3nThanhTo\u00e1n<\/code> k\u1ebf th\u1eeba logic n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng ghi \u0111\u00e8 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

                  K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \ud83e\udde0<\/h2>\n

                  K\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

                  Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch, n\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang d\u1ec5 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc, kh\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u201d v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra khi n\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cc\u00f3 m\u1ed9t\u201d l\u1ea1i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

                  B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, d\u1ec5 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. Lu\u00f4n \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 linh ho\u1ea1t trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOAD) ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1eeba k\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u1edbi…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1941,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"C\u01a1 b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf th\u1eeba OOP: M\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \ud83e\uddec","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbp, t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n, \u0111a h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[94],"tags":[87,93],"class_list":["post-1940","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-object-oriented-analysis-and-design","tag-academic","tag-object-oriented-analysis-and-design"],"yoast_head":"\nC\u01a1 b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf th\u1eeba OOP: M\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \ud83e\uddec<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. 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