{"id":1944,"date":"2026-03-22T05:13:07","date_gmt":"2026-03-22T05:13:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tech-posts.com\/vi\/understanding-state-and-behavior-in-objects\/"},"modified":"2026-03-22T05:13:07","modified_gmt":"2026-03-22T05:13:07","slug":"understanding-state-and-behavior-in-objects","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tech-posts.com\/vi\/understanding-state-and-behavior-in-objects\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn OOAD: Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh vi trong C\u00e1c \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"Chibi-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u00edt kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi. Hai tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \ud83e\uddf1<\/h2>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOAD) chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m t\u1eeb logic theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 sang m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a l\u1ea5y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m. Thay v\u00ec xem m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc, OOAD xem n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. \u0110\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, ta c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t k\u00e9p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00f3 bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00f3 l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh. H\u00e0nh vi \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0m. S\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trong C\u00e1c H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \ud83d\udce6<\/h2>\n

Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u0129nh c\u00e1c logic, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o hay t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd th\u00f4ng qua ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb.<\/p>\n

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  • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9p ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 email v\u00e0 c\u1edd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/li>\n
  • Ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y (s\u1ed1, boolean) ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p (tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c).<\/li>\n
  • T\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn:<\/strong> Truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f4ng khai cho ph\u00e9p thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e2u, trong khi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ri\u00eang t\u01b0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf truy c\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    V\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u then ch\u1ed1t. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o ban \u0111\u1ea7u, tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng qua h\u00e0nh vi, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. Vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/h3>\n

    Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhau. Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd gi\u00fap qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

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    • Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp. Hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang c\u00f9ng ki\u1ec3u.<\/li>\n
    • Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u1edbp:<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb gi\u1eefa t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfm cho t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/li>\n
    • Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi:<\/strong> D\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf sau khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n
    • Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng:<\/strong> D\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 th\u1eddi gian s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ec7p.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh H\u00e0nh vi trong C\u00e1c H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u2699\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

      H\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i v\u1edbi tin nh\u1eafn ho\u1eb7c l\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c. H\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c truy c\u1eadp. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i s\u1ebd t\u0129nh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

      C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c bao \u0111\u00f3ng logic. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch:<\/p>\n

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      • C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c truy xu\u1ea5t:<\/strong>Truy xu\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3.<\/li>\n
      • C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/strong> Thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n
      • B\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/strong>Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi.<\/li>\n
      • Truy v\u1ea5n:<\/strong>Tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb boolean ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3m tra tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        H\u00e0nh vi n\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft cao. M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, t\u00ednh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 g\u1eedi email, th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00f3 \u0111ang l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c. T\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft cao trong h\u00e0nh vi gi\u00fap m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n d\u1ec5 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

        Bao \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u1ea9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udd12<\/h2>\n

        C\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0 bao \u0111\u00f3ng. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y gom d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c thao t\u00e1c tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf truy c\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u1ea9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

        B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u1ea9n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ri\u00eang t\u01b0, ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

        L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a bao \u0111\u00f3ng<\/h3>\n
          \n
        • B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7:<\/strong>Ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/li>\n
        • T\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t:<\/strong>B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/li>\n
        • \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n:<\/strong>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng. S\u1ed1 d\u01b0 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u1ea1p v\u00e0 r\u00fat ti\u1ec1n l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi. N\u1ebfu s\u1ed1 d\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh s\u1ed1 \u00e2m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m s\u1ed1 d\u01b0 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho ph\u00e9p thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c r\u00fat ti\u1ec1n, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ed1 d\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

          So s\u00e1nh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

          \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, b\u1ea3ng sau \u0111\u00e2y n\u00eau b\u1eadt nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>\nTr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/th>\nH\u00e0nh vi<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
          \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a<\/strong><\/td>\nD\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/td>\nC\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          L\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/strong><\/td>\nBi\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb (tr\u01b0\u1eddng\/thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh).<\/td>\nM\u00e3 th\u1ef1c thi (ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c\/ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          T\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb<\/strong><\/td>\nTh\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n.<\/td>\nTh\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          Thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/strong><\/td>\nThay \u0111\u1ed5i trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/td>\nV\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          V\u00ed d\u1ee5<\/strong><\/td>\nGi\u00e1, S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/td>\nT\u00ednhT\u1ed5ng, C\u1eadpNh\u1eadtTr\u1ea1ngTh\u00e1i, L\u01b0u.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

          M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

          OOAD hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c v\u00e0o m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi li\u00ean quan cho m\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n chung.<\/p>\n

          Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n
            \n
          • Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i:<\/strong>\n
              \n
            • T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/li>\n
            • M\u00e0u s\u1eafc<\/li>\n
            • Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 (\u0110ang ch\u1ea1y\/D\u1eebng l\u1ea1i)<\/li>\n
            • M\u1ee9c nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
            • H\u00e0nh vi:<\/strong>\n
                \n
              • T\u0103ng t\u1ed1c<\/li>\n
              • Phanh<\/li>\n
              • N\u1ea1p nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u<\/li>\n
              • T\u1eaft m\u00e1y<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c T\u0103ng t\u1ed1c<\/code> s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ebfu Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1<\/code> l\u00e0 D\u1eebng l\u1ea1i<\/code>. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. G\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ebfn T\u0103ng t\u1ed1c<\/code> s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/code>.<\/p>\n

                S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng. H\u00e0nh vi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

                Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

                Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng di chuy\u1ec3n qua c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng M\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0110ang ch\u1edd<\/code> tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0110ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/code>, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/code>.<\/p>\n

                Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb \u0110\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh<\/code> sang \u0110ang ch\u1edd<\/code>. H\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi ph\u1ea1m m\u00e1y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00ean x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u01a1n tru, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e9m ra l\u1ed7i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecf qua y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • C\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
                • C\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7:<\/strong> K\u00edch ho\u1ea1t x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u1ed7i ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o.<\/li>\n
                • H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: g\u1eedi th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                  Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ea5p ng\u00e3 khi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi. Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu n\u00e0y gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

                  1. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ea7n<\/h3>\n

                  \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. N\u00f3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi cho m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

                  2. R\u00f2 r\u1ec9 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i<\/h3>\n

                  \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 b\u1ecb ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn danh s\u00e1ch n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 cho ph\u00e9p m\u00e3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i thay \u0111\u1ed5i danh s\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, b\u1ecf qua logic c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

                  3. G\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd<\/h3>\n

                  Khi h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. Vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kia. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng thay v\u00ec b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb chung.<\/p>\n

                  4. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i<\/h3>\n

                  T\u00ednh thay \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c suy lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. N\u1ebfu tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o, vi\u1ec7c g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. H\u00e3y c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u00ednh thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ec9 \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

                  Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 x\u00e1c minh \ud83e\uddea<\/h2>\n

                  Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn k\u00e9p. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb n\u00ean x\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i mong \u0111\u1ee3i. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u00ean x\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i:<\/strong> Ki\u1ec3m tra r\u1eb1ng sau khi g\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00fang.<\/li>\n
                  • Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed h\u00e0nh vi:<\/strong> Ki\u1ec3m tra r\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c thi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang logic mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/li>\n
                  • Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c:<\/strong> Ki\u1ec3m tra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1eedi c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t h\u00e0nh vi \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng logic \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

                    C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng \u2705<\/h2>\n

                    \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, h\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m duy nh\u1ea5t:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u1ecfi logic kinh doanh n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/li>\n
                    • T\u00ean g\u1ecdi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong> T\u00ean thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, isCompleted<\/code>). T\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00ean m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, complete<\/code>).<\/li>\n
                    • T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac:<\/strong> Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f4ng khai l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
                    • X\u00e1c th\u1ef1c:<\/strong> X\u00e1c th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0o. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7.<\/li>\n
                    • B\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn:<\/strong> \u01afu ti\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn khi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0 suy lu\u1eadn.<\/li>\n
                    • Ch\u00e8n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c:<\/strong> Ch\u00e8n c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c thay v\u00ec t\u1ea1o ch\u00fang b\u00ean trong. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i logic tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh vi hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i.<\/p>\n

                      S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc trong gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Khi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh mi\u1ec1n. S\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n cho c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3.<\/p>\n

                      Duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Khi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. S\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                      Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u00edt kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi. Hai tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1945,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng | H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn OOP","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[94],"tags":[87,93],"class_list":["post-1944","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-object-oriented-analysis-and-design","tag-academic","tag-object-oriented-analysis-and-design"],"yoast_head":"\nHi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng | H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn OOP<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. 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