{"id":1956,"date":"2026-03-21T12:40:56","date_gmt":"2026-03-21T12:40:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tech-posts.com\/vi\/association-vs-aggregation-oo-modeling\/"},"modified":"2026-03-21T12:40:56","modified_gmt":"2026-03-21T12:40:56","slug":"association-vs-aggregation-oo-modeling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tech-posts.com\/vi\/association-vs-aggregation-oo-modeling\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn OOAD: Li\u00ean k\u1ebft so v\u1edbi T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p trong M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"Child-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOAD), t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c l\u1edbp li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c thi. Hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/strong> v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p<\/strong>. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, nh\u01b0ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t tinh t\u1ebf gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac trong l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ebfm khi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u1edbp. Trong Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0110\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t (UML), c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ed9p l\u1edbp. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i\u2014li\u1ec1n, g\u1ea1ch ch\u1ea5m, r\u1ed7ng hay t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7y\u2014cho bi\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

Ba m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp.<\/li>\n
  • T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cto\u00e0n th\u1ec3-ph\u1ea7n\u201d v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu y\u1ebfu.<\/li>\n
  • Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, n\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Trong ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u1eabn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0.<\/p>\n

    Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 Li\u00ean k\u1ebft \ud83d\udd17<\/h2>\n

    M\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u01a1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi n\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/h3>\n
      \n
    • K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t:<\/strong> N\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a L\u1edbp A c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a L\u1edbp B.<\/li>\n
    • H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i:<\/strong> C\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u (\u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u) ho\u1eb7c hai chi\u1ec1u (\u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng hai chi\u1ec1u).<\/li>\n
    • \u0110a d\u1ea1ng:<\/strong> \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh bao nhi\u00eau th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t (1:1), m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u (1:N) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u (N:N).<\/li>\n
    • Kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu:<\/strong> M\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp s\u1edf h\u1eefu l\u1edbp kia. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      V\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/h3>\n

      H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfnSinh vi\u00ean<\/em> v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean<\/em>. M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean d\u1ea1y nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

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      • M\u1ed9t Sinh vi\u00ean<\/strong>\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t Gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean<\/strong>\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp chi ti\u1ebft b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
      • M\u1ed9t Gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean<\/strong>\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c Sinh vi\u00ean<\/strong>\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1.<\/li>\n
      • C\u1ea3 sinh vi\u00ean l\u1eabn gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t L\u00e1i xe<\/strong> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Xe h\u01a1i<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t l\u00e1i xe \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe, nh\u01b0ng chi\u1ebfc xe v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ngay c\u1ea3 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i r\u1eddi \u0111i. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh s\u1edf h\u1eefu nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

        \u0110i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/h3>\n

        Khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ai kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp gi\u1eef tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp kia. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a logic thu gom r\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0 hai chi\u1ec1u, c\u1ea3 hai l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

        Aggregation \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \ud83d\udce6<\/h2>\n

        Aggregation l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. N\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ‘c\u00f3-m\u1ed9t’, ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t then ch\u1ed1t n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n

        Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m s\u1edf h\u1eefu y\u1ebfu<\/h3>\n

        Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 aggregation, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u1eabn c\u00f2n h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu chung.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9:<\/strong> Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9a ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd.<\/li>\n
        • \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn:<\/strong> Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd.<\/li>\n
        • \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp:<\/strong>Ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          V\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf<\/h3>\n

          Xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn<\/strong> v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i; h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec3n sang b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn<\/strong>l\u1edbp ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/strong>\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n
          • \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/strong>\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn<\/strong>v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/li>\n
          • M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed7ng \u1edf ph\u00eda \u201cTo\u00e0n b\u1ed9\u201d trong UML.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n<\/strong> v\u00e0 S\u00e1ch<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9a s\u00e1ch. N\u1ebfu t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i; ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi. S\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebft c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

            Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m tinh t\u1ebf trong tri\u1ec3n khai<\/h3>\n

            Trong m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n, vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai th\u00f4ng qua tham chi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c con tr\u1ecf. L\u1edbp ch\u1ee9a kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o l\u1edbp ph\u1ea7n b\u00ean trong; ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o th\u00f4ng qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Ch\u00e8n th\u00f4ng qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1o:<\/strong>Ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p khi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra.<\/li>\n
            • Ch\u00e8n th\u00f4ng qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp:<\/strong>Ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 sau khi t\u1ea1o.<\/li>\n
            • Kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y:<\/strong> L\u1edbp to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng khi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u2696\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

              \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, c\u1ea7n so s\u00e1nh ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1edbi Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn. Trong khi T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ng\u1ee5 \u00fd quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu y\u1ebfu, th\u00ec Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ng\u1ee5 \u00fd quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p:<\/strong> Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9. (V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 C\u1eeda s\u1ed5).<\/li>\n
              • Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n:<\/strong> Ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9. (V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c h\u00e0ng).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Trong Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9. N\u1ebfu to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ecb thu gom r\u00e1c, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. Trong T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, ph\u1ea7n v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i sau khi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y.<\/p>\n

                Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh trong t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn nhanh \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

                B\u1ea3ng sau t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a gi\u1eefa Li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 tra c\u1ee9u nhanh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>\nLi\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/th>\nT\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                Lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/strong><\/td>\nLi\u00ean k\u1ebft chung gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp<\/td>\nM\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201cc\u00f3-m\u1ed9t\u201d (To\u00e0n b\u1ed9-Ph\u1ea7n)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/strong><\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/td>\nQuy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu y\u1ebfu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                V\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi<\/strong><\/td>\nV\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/td>\nPh\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n To\u00e0n b\u1ed9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u UML<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n<\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh thoi r\u1ed7ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n<\/strong><\/td>\nTham chi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c con tr\u1ecf<\/td>\nTham chi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c con tr\u1ecf (kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/strong><\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn trung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                Chu k\u1ef3 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \ud83d\udcbe<\/h2>\n

                S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb. Trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c thu gom r\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1eddng minh, vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u ai s\u1edf h\u1eefu ai l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ho\u1eb7c con tr\u1ecf treo.<\/p>\n

                Ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb<\/h3>\n
                  \n
                • Li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong>C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con tr\u1ecf t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y sang \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee7y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kia.<\/li>\n
                • T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>Container gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t tham chi\u1ebfu. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u201cs\u1edf h\u1eefu\u201d b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n. Khi container b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng thu h\u1ed3i b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a thu gom r\u00e1c<\/h3>\n

                  Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu gom khi ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n truy c\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p t\u1ea1o ra tham chi\u1ebfu v\u00f2ng, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c thu gom r\u00e1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p c\u00e1c chu tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Tham chi\u1ebfu v\u00f2ng:<\/strong>L\u1edbp A tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp B, v\u00e0 l\u1edbp B tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1edbp A. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u00fang, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu gom.<\/li>\n
                  • Tham chi\u1ebfu y\u1ebfu:<\/strong>Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, tham chi\u1ebfu y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c chu tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p thu gom r\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                    Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00fang s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. \u0110\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft cao khi\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 g\u00e3y v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. T\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft cao \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c module c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

                    Gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/h3>\n

                    T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft so v\u1edbi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p. V\u00ec ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3, n\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 \u00edt ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • Ch\u00e8n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c:<\/strong>Truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0o constructor (ki\u1ec3u t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p) cho ph\u00e9p container ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n
                    • T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t giao di\u1ec7n:<\/strong>To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m th\u00eam \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      T\u00ednh g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/h3>\n

                      M\u1ed7i l\u1edbp n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p gi\u00fap l\u00e0m r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng \u2018To\u00e0n th\u1ec3\u2019 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, trong khi \u2018Ph\u1ea7n\u2019 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m to\u00e0n th\u1ec3:<\/strong> Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd danh s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t, ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh tr\u00ean t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p.<\/li>\n
                      • Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea7n:<\/strong> X\u1eed l\u00fd x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 logic n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                        Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m khi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ebd gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>\u0110\u00f4i khi, m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ‘to\u00e0n th\u1ec3’, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 sai.<\/li>\n
                        • Th\u1eddi gian s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f3 n\u00ean t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i sau khi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y hay kh\u00f4ng, lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Vi\u1ec7c ghi ch\u00fa m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
                        • S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn trong \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng:<\/strong>Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng hai chi\u1ec1u khi ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
                        • Nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi t\u00edch h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Ki\u1ec3m tra ‘c\u00f3-m\u1ed9t’ l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai \u2705<\/h2>\n

                          \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec, h\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y khi tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac trong m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

                          1. D\u00f9ng t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/h3>\n

                          T\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn n\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef nh\u01b0ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu<\/code>, cha m\u1eb9<\/code>, ho\u1eb7cb\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp<\/code> cho t\u00edch h\u1ee3p, v\u00e0li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/code>, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c<\/code>, ho\u1eb7ctham chi\u1ebfu<\/code> cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

                          2. Ghi ch\u00fa m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian s\u1ed1ng<\/h3>\n

                          C\u00e1c ghi ch\u00fa ho\u1eb7c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i n\u00eau r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 hay kh\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh x\u00f3a c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean chia s\u1ebb.<\/p>\n

                          3. Th\u1ef1c thi t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng<\/h3>\n

                          \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u00fang t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t-\u0111a, b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp trong m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb null \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

                          4. Tr\u00e1nh l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p s\u00e2u<\/h3>\n

                          M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i li\u00ean k\u1ebft s\u00e2u (A k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi B, B v\u1edbi C, C v\u1edbi D) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. N\u00ean l\u00e0m ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

                          5. Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n bi\u00ean<\/h3>\n

                          Khi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y, h\u00e3y x\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n v\u1eabn nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n n\u1ebfu m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 Aggregation. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, h\u00e3y x\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p n\u1ebfu m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 Composition.<\/p>\n

                          K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \ud83c\udfaf<\/h2>\n

                          Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa Association v\u00e0 Aggregation kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh mang t\u00ednh ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

                          Association cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 linh ho\u1ea1t cho k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i chung, trong khi Aggregation mang l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, d\u1ec5 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

                          Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ti\u1ebfp theo, h\u00e3y d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. H\u00e3y t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00f3, th\u00ec Aggregation c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng, th\u00ec Association l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                          Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOAD), t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c l\u1edbp li\u00ean…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1957,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Association so v\u1edbi Aggregation trong h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \ud83e\udde9","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Association v\u00e0 Aggregation trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. H\u1ecdc c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 UML, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[94],"tags":[87,93],"class_list":["post-1956","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-object-oriented-analysis-and-design","tag-academic","tag-object-oriented-analysis-and-design"],"yoast_head":"\nAssociation so v\u1edbi Aggregation trong h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \ud83e\udde9<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Association v\u00e0 Aggregation trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. 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